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Background: Dysphonia impairs verbal communication of the sufferer, which can lead to social isolation, depression, and reduced quality of life. Evaluation of voice handicap and emotional impact of dysphonia are not routinely consider in our laryngology and voice clinics, despite the fact that about 50% to 60% of patients with dysphonia have social and psychological problems. Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the voice handicap and emotional status among dysphonic and non-dysphonic individuals in our environment. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study that included dysphonic patients and non-dysphonic individuals matched for age and gender. A detailed clinical history was obtained, and the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) questionnaire was used to assess the voice handicap and emotional status of the participants. The mean VHI score of dysphonic and non-dysphonic participants was compared. Results: Ninety dysphonic patients and equal number of non-dysphonic controls completed the study. The mean VHI score dysphonic patients was higher (46.8 ± 17.7) than that of the controls (5.2 ± 3.9), and there was a statistical significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.000). Most of the dysphonic patients 69(77.8%) had poor emotional status, while most of the controls had good emotional status 83(92.3%). Conclusion: This study found high Voice Handicap Index and poor emotional status among dysphonic patients compared to controls. Therefore, patients with dysphonia should be reviewed by a psychologist in order to address the emotional aspect of their problem.

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Tobacco use is a significant risk factor contributing to a variety of non-communicable diseases and chronic illnesses. Adolescent smoking is more likely to start as a result of tobacco advertising and promotion, which might result in a rise in the number of adult smokers in the future. Developing a monitoring framework for direct and indirect tobacco advertisement is an important step to control tobacco use.

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Introduction: The number of mobile game users has increased globally over the last few years. Gaming has been reported as a new way of satisfying basic human needs within the constraints of the current modern society. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) among engineering students aged 18–25 years in the Ernakulam district of Kerala and the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: This was an online-based cross-sectional study among engineering colleges in Ernakulam district of Kerala selected by simple random sampling. Students with psychiatric ailments were excluded from the study. On the basis of the prevalence of IGD, reported by Mihara and Higuchi in 2017, the minimum calculated sample size for this study using the formula, n = (4*pq)/d2 was 291. The study tool was a semi-structured questionnaire with three segments: socio-demographic profile, IGD, and Internet gaming behavior pattern. As data were collected using Google Forms, data were downloaded from Google Sheet and exported to and analyzed using SPSS software program, version 20.0. Results: The study had 271 participants and most of them were males. The mean age group of the study population was 22.77 years. The prevalence of IGD was found to be 2.2%. In the associated risk factors, people living alone were found to have a significant association with IGD. Conclusion: Although the prevalence observed in our research is low, more attention needs to be given to keeping the prevalence low, as the number of gamers in India has been constantly increasing.

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Introduction: For a successful prosthodontic rehabilitation, accurate and economic shade selection methods are warranted. Shade selection with digital cameras and various commonly used digital displays can be suggested as an alternative to expensive colorimetric instruments and inaccurate visual shade selection. To digitalize prosthetic rehabilitation, standards need to be set on minimum digital specifications required to capture and communicate accurate shade selection. This study aimed to establish a minimum specification required for a digital image, to achieve the most accurate result in prosthodontic shade selection, using digital photography. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 dental professionals with normal color vision. Sixteen shade tabs were randomly selected from two commonly used shade guides and were photographed using four different commonly used digital cameras under standardized settings. After dividing the shade tabs into four groups randomly, the images were displayed on four different outputs. Participants were made to match the outputs to a complete set of shade guide. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the proportion of correct responses. Chi-square test was used to test for the presence of statistical association between the groups. Results: For digital shade evaluation, output from the compact camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with an effective output of 14 megapixel showed higher number of responses in terms of accuracy, in comparison with other devices which produced digital outputs with a higher pixel density. The shades were identified best on outputs with a higher pixel density of 2560 × 1600-pixel resolution, followed by full HD LCD display (1920 × 1080-pixel resolution). Conclusion: This study recommends digital photography using a 14-MP camera as a minimum specification for shade selection. For display outputs, laptops with a screen resolution of at least 1920 × 1080, calibrated in standard red, green, blue color space is recommended for visual shade selection.

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Galactorrhea is milky secretions from the breast in women who have not breast-fed for a year. Escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), owing to its potency and tolerance, is regarded as the primary line drug in the management of depression and anxiety disorders. SSRIs may rarely cause symptoms brought on by enhanced prolactin levels. Antidepressants that increase serotonin may additionally cause a rise in prolactin by improving dopamine neurotransmission. In the current research, we present a case of hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea linked to escitalopram. A 32-year-old woman presented with bilateral breast heaviness and milky secretions after using escitalopram for anxiety and her serum prolactin level was found to be elevated. Galactorrhea disappeared and her prolactin level returned to normal after escitalopram was stopped.

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Hollow viscus perforation is one of the most frequent causes of acute gastrointestinal symptoms, but these are rare due to foreign body (FB) ingestion. The majority of ingested FBs that reach the stomach pass uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract. Hollow viscus perforation following a FB ingestion frequently occurs at the ileum. Fishbones are often ingested by older population, and only a small number of patients can recall an event of swallowing an FB. Here, we present a case of ileal perforation caused by ingesting a fishbone in a 60-year-old man who recovered successfully after receiving emergency surgical treatment.

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Background: Diarrhea is still the second leading cause of death in children under 5. These deaths can be easily prevented by early recognition and appropriate intervention. Understanding of symptoms, signs, and complications of acute diarrhea is necessary in preventing these deaths. The main focus of this study was to study clinico-epidemiological and laboratory profile of under 5 hospitalized children with diarrhea. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, of a tertiary care teaching hospital in North-west India from June 2016 to November 2018. Children presenting with acute watery diarrhea, between age of 1 month and 5 years, were enrolled in study. Clinical symptoms/signs along with demographic details and lab investigations of each case were studied. Results: Out of 179 admitted children, majority were males and maximum were in age group of 1–24 months. 136 (75.97%) children were exclusively breastfed till 6 months of age. Fever (88.82%), vomiting (74.30%), and oliguria (82.68%) were most common symptoms observed at admission. Depressed anterior fontanelle (63.12%), dry sunken eyes (80.45%), and/or delayed skin turgor (78.21%) were most common clinical signs observed. 140 (78.21%) children had some dehydration and 11 (6.15%) had severe dehydration. Severe features of bradycardia (2.23%), tachypnea (2.79%), and hypothermia (1.67%) were also noted. Deranged blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were observed in 48 (26.82%) and 15 (8.4%) children. Conclusion: Complications of diarrhea can be prevented by improving prevalent poor knowledge, attitude, and practices among parents regarding feeding and home-based interventions in diarrhea.

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